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LS

Section: User Commands (1)
Updated: March 2007
Index

NAME

ls - list directory contents

SYNOPSIS

ls[OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION

List information about the FILEs (the current directory by default).Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

-a, --all: do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all: do not list implied . and ..
--author: with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape: print octal escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE: use SIZE-byte blocks
-B, --ignore-backups: do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c: with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of lastmodification of file status information)with -l: show ctime and sort by nameotherwise: sort by ctime
-C: list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN]: control whether color is used to distinguish filetypes. WHEN may be `never', `always', or `auto'
-d, --directory: list directory entries instead of contents,and do not dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired: generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f: do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify: append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type: likewise, except do not append `*'
--format=WORD: across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l,single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time: like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g: like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first: group directories before files
-G, --no-group: in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable: with -l, print sizes in human readable format(e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
--si: likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line: follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir: follow each command line symbolic linkthat points to a directory
--hide=PATTERN: do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN(overridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD: append indicator with style WORD to entry names:none (default), slash (-p),file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)
-i, --inode: print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN: do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k: like --block-size=1K
-l: use a long listing format
-L, --dereference: when showing file information for a symboliclink, show information for the file the linkreferences rather than for the link itself
-m: fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid: like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal: print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. controlcharacters specially)
-o: like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash: append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars: print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars: show non graphic characters as-is (defaultunless program is `ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name: enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD: use quoting style WORD for entry names:literal, locale, shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse: reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive: list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size: print the size of each file, in blocks
-S: sort by file size
--sort=WORD: sort by WORD instead of name: none -U,extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD: with -l, show time as WORD instead of modificationtime: atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c,or status -c; use specified time as sort keyif --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE: with -l, show times using style STYLE:full-iso, long-iso, iso, locale, +FORMAT.FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT isFORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies tonon-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files;if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-', STYLEtakes effect only outside the POSIX locale
-t: sort by modification time
-T, --tabsize=COLS: assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u: with -lt: sort by, and show, access timewith -l: show access time and sort by nameotherwise: sort by access time
-U: do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v: sort by version
-w, --width=COLS: assume screen width instead of current value
-x: list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X: sort alphabetically by entry extension
-1: list one file per line

SELinux options:

--lcontext: Display security context. Enable -l. Lineswill probably be too wide for most displays.
-Z, --context: Display security context so it fits on mostdisplays. Displays only mode, user, group,security context and file name.
--scontext: Display only security context and file name.
--help: display this help and exit
--version: output version information and exit

SIZE may be (or may be an integer optionally followed by) one of following:kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024, and so on for G, T, P, E, Z, Y.

By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. That isequivalent to using --color=none. Using the --color option without theoptional WHEN argument is equivalent to using --color=always. With--color=auto, color codes are output only if standard output is connectedto a terminal (tty). The environment variable LS_COLORS can influence thecolors, and can be set easily by the dircolors command.

Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.

AUTHOR

Written by Richard Stallman and David MacKenzie.

REPORTING BUGS

Report bugs to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org>.

COPYRIGHT

Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software. You may redistribute copies of it under the terms ofthe GNU General Public License <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

This document was created byman2html,using the manual pages.
Time: 18:24:03 GMT, August 08, 2007

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